Human growth hormone (HGH) is a naturally occurring hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates development in children, aids in the maintenance of normal body shape in adults, and has a role in the metabolism of both children and adults.

What is HGH (human growth hormone)?

Human growth hormone, commonly known as HGH and somatotropin, is a naturally occurring hormone produced and released by the pituitary gland that promotes development in children by acting on several bodily systems. After the bone growth in your bones (epiphyses) have formed, HGH no longer affects your height, but your body still requires it. After you've completed developing, HGH helps to maintain proper body structure and metabolism, including helping to maintain appropriate blood sugar levels.

Hormones are substances that coordinate many bodily activities by transporting signals through the blood to organs, muscles, and other tissues. These signals instruct your body on what to do and when. Over fifty hormones are produced by your body, and many of them interact with one another to create a complicated web of actions.

Your pituitary gland is a tiny, pea-sized endocrine gland positioned underneath your hypothalamus at the base of your brain. It consists of the anterior (front) lobe and the posterior (back) lobe. The anterior lobe produces HGH.

Your hypothalamus is attached to your pituitary gland by a stalk of blood arteries and nerves. It is known as the pituitary stalk. Your hypothalamus regulates bodily activities such as blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, and digestion. Your hypothalamus interacts with your pituitary gland via the stalk and instructs it to release certain hormones. In this instance, your brain secretes growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), which encourages your pituitary gland to release human growth hormone (HGH), and somatostatin, which suppresses this release.

A synthetic type of HGH (also referred to as recombinant HGH) is used to treat some medical problems, including growth hormone insufficiency. You should never use synthetic HGH without a doctor's prescription.

What causes human growth hormone (HGH) production?

Throughout the day, your pituitary gland generally secretes HGH in brief pulses. The production of HGH is primarily regulated by two hormones released by the hypothalamus: growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), which increases HGH release, and somatostatin, which inhibits HGH release.

HGH is also regulated by several other endocrine hormones, including insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 is a significant inhibitor of GH synthesis, whereas thyroxine, glucocorticoids, and ghrelin increase HGH release.

The production of IGF-1 by the liver is one of the most thoroughly studied consequences of HGH activity. IGF-1 plays a crucial role in preventing (inhibiting) the production of HGH by increasing somatostatin and inhibiting GHRH release via a negative feedback loop. However, HGH and IGF-1 secretion are controlled by each other through a feedback loop in which HGH stimulates IGF-1 release and IGF-1 inhibits HGH release. In healthy individuals, hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) inhibits HGH release, whereas rest, stress, activity, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), and amino acids enhance HGH release.

What purpose does human growth hormone (HGH) serve?

Human growth hormone has two primary functions: promoting growth (mostly in youngsters) and influencing metabolism (how your body turns the food you eat into energy).

HGH and expansion

Human growth hormone stimulates growth in practically all human tissues and organs. However, it is well recognised for its growth-promoting action on cartilage and bone, particularly during puberty in adolescents. HGH instructs cartilage cells called chondrocytes and bone cells called osteoblasts to increase reproduction, hence allowing for growth in size.

Height is no longer increased by HGH once the growth plates in a child's bones have fused. Instead, HGH maintains normal bodily structure for the remainder of your life.

HGH and physiology

The chemical activities in your body that convert the food you eat into energy constitute your metabolism. All of your body's cells require energy to function correctly. There are several intricate processes involved in metabolism.

HGH primarily affects metabolism by boosting the synthesis of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its influence on the body's cells. IGF-1 is a hormone with a structure similar to insulin that regulates the effects of HGH in the body. Insulin is a vital hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar (glucose) levels by lowering them. IGF-1 has similar glucose-lowering actions as insulin.

Your body generally maintains your blood glucose levels with precision. Blood glucose, or sugar, is the predominant sugar in the blood. Dietary carbohydrates are the source of glucose. This sugar is an essential source of energy and nutrition for the organs, muscles, and neurological system of the body.

Insulin is the primary hormone produced by the pancreas to reduce blood glucose levels when they are too high, whereas glucagon is the primary hormone produced by the pancreas to raise glucose levels when they are too low. Other hormones, such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and cortisol, can negate the effects of insulin.

While HGH generally raises blood glucose levels when they are too low, excess HGH can negate the actions of insulin, resulting in raised blood glucose levels.

Can HGH make you taller?

Human growth hormone enhances children's vertical growth. However, after a person's growth plates have fused, HGH has little effect on height. After reaching your full height, HGH helps maintain your body's structure and has other significant effects on your metabolism.

What are typical human growth hormone (HGH) levels?

Your pituitary gland secretes HGH intermittently. Size and length of the pulses vary with age, gender, and time of day. Because of this, random HGH readings are rarely useful in confirming or excluding a diagnosis for medical professionals. In contrast, HGH measurement tests are most effective when conducted in conjunction with a stimulation or suppression test.

The usual range for HGH values includes the following:

• 0.4 to 10 nanograms per millilitre (ng/mL) or 18 to 44 picomoles per litre (pmol/L) for adults designated male at birth.
• For women allocated at birth: 1 to 14 ng/mL (44 to 616 pmol/L)
• Children: 10 to 50 ng/mL (440 to 2200 pmol/L)

Normal value ranges might differ between laboratories. When assessing your data, be careful to include the usual range of your laboratory in your lab report. Consult with your healthcare practitioner if you have any questions regarding your results.

What occurs when levels of human growth hormone (HGH) are too low?

A deficit in HGH is referred to as growth hormone deficiency. Hypopituitarism is often caused by a problem or injury to the pituitary gland; it occurs when one, many, or all of the hormones produced by the pituitary gland are insufficient. Human growth hormone may be one of the hormones impacted.

The effects of growth hormone insufficiency varies between adults and children.

Lack of HGH in adulthood

HGH deficiency in adults causes the following problems:

• Decreased perception of wellbeing.
• a rise in body fat.
• Increased risk of cardiovascular disease
• Weak muscles, heart, and bones

Hypopituitarism leading to HGH insufficiency may occur in adults as a result of a harmless pituitary adenoma (a noncancerous growth) or injury to the pituitary gland or brain.

Lack of HGH in children

Lack of HGH in children leads to stunted development. The primary symptom of HGH deficiency in children is poor height development each year following the third birthday. This indicates that they grow less than around 1.4 inches each year. A youngster with a deficit in HGH may also exhibit:

• A face that seems younger than expected for their age.
• Reduced hair growth
• Delayed maturation.

Hypopituitarism resulting in HGH deficiency may be present from birth in infants; the reason may be unknown (idiopathic), hereditary, or related to a pituitary gland damage (during foetal development or at birth).

Later in life, children might develop hypopituitarism owing to injury to their pituitary gland or hypothalamus.

What occurs when levels of human growth hormone (HGH) are excessive?

Acromegaly is the primary condition linked with higher-than-normal HGH levels, albeit it affects adults and children differently. It is an unusual occurrence.

Acromegaly in grownups

Acromegaly is characterised by larger or swollen hands and feet, as well as changed facial characteristics.

Adults with acromegaly may also have thicker bones and enlarged organs, and are more prone to develop high blood pressure (hypertension), Type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Over 99 percent of acromegaly instances are caused by pituitary adenomas, which are benign pituitary tumours. These tumours can create excessive levels of human growth hormone. Acromegaly is more prevalent after middle age, when growth has ceased. As a result, adults with acromegaly do not get taller. Their bones might instead get denser.

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Acromegaly in youngsters

Extremely infrequently, children might have high growth hormone levels prior to reaching their full height, which can result in excessive development of long bones and extreme height. This disorder is referred to as paediatric acromegaly, however it is also known as gigantism. If untreated, children with acromegaly often grow to reach at least seven feet tall. Additionally, children with acromegaly may experience generalised weakness, delayed puberty, and headaches.

Adenomas of the pituitary gland are often the cause of paediatric acromegaly.

What test monitors levels of HGH?

If you are having HGH-related symptoms, your healthcare practitioner can conduct a battery of blood tests to determine your HGH levels.

Your pituitary gland produces HGH into your circulation in pulses throughout the day and night, with nighttime peaks predominating. Because of this, a single blood test to quantify HGH is difficult to interpret and often ineffective for medical purposes.

Most often, hormone stimulating and suppression tests are performed to identify disorders caused by HGH shortage and excess.

In addition, they may conduct a blood test to determine your IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) levels.

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How is HGH used as a pharmaceutical?

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States has authorised the synthetic version of HGH for the treatment of specific illnesses. Synthetic HGH is only accessible by prescription and is administered through injection.

Healthcare practitioners prescribe HGH for children to treat:

Lack of growth hormone production.

Conditions causing low height, include chronic renal illness, Turner syndrome, and Prader-Willi syndrome

Providers prescribe HGH to adults to treat:

Lack of growth hormone production.

HIV causes a loss of muscular tissue.

Short intestine syndrome

Importantly, you should only take synthetic HGH if your doctor has prescribed it.

What adverse effects does synthetic HGH have?

The use of synthetic HGH as a medical therapy can result in a variety of adverse consequences, such as carpal tunnel syndrome.

• heightened insulin resistance and/or type 2 diabetes
• Inflammation of your arms and legs (edema).
• Muscle and joint ache.
• Breast tissue enlargement (gynecomastia) in those designated male at birth.
• Increased chance of developing certain malignancies

Researchers lack sufficient data about the long-term effects of HGH therapy.

When should I visit my doctor regarding my HGH levels?

Contact your healthcare practitioner if you or your kid are having symptoms connected to HGH deficiency or excess.

If you are undergoing therapy for abnormal HGH levels, it is essential to see your doctor frequently to ensure that the treatment is effective.